6G通讯：私人发电基础设施与客户端ZED（零能耗设备）市场（2025-2045）

6G 通讯的成功非常重要的是能够在任何需要的地方提供卓越的效能。

几乎可以在任何地方使用内部发电

不再需要基地台、客户端设备或新必需的 RIS 将微弱的高频波传送到目的地，也不再需要有线连接或充电器的客户端设备。同时，自供电基础设施将会出现，例如太阳能无人机 "空中之塔" ，仅靠阳光就能在平流层飞行数年。考虑一个 6G 用户端设备，透过 40%高效的太阳能和其他收集技术自行供电。在需要时添加讯号驱动、无电池的客户端设备，并享受安装后忘记它们的乐趣。

本报告调查了 6G 通讯专用发电基础设施和客户端 ZED（零能耗设备）市场，概述了 6G ZED 基础设施和客户端设备的支援技术、新机会、技术路线图和市场规模趋势，总结主要公司的预测、措施等。

本报告涵盖超过106 家公司，提取了约1,000 种最新研究论文和企业举措，并包括107 个资讯图表、表格和图表、10 种SWOT 评估以及14 种预测线（2025年-2025年） 。

目录

第1章 执行摘要/概述

• 目的/范围
• 调查方法
• 20个主要结论
• ZED 背景：重迭和相邻技术以及长寿命能源独立设备的范例
• 关键 6G 基础设施和客户端设备实现零能耗、无电池且使用寿命长
• 实现无需电池的6G ZED的主要技术
• 8 个可以组合的选项
• ZED 在 6G 通讯中的重要性
• 6G ZED 与支援技术路线图
• 市场预测

第2章 简介

• 摘要
• 6G 基础知识
• 6G 第一阶段和第二阶段的 ZED 需求和机会
• 与 6G ZED 相关的其他材料

第3章 6G ZED 基础设施与客户端设备的支援技术：超材料、IRS、RIS、结构电子学

• 超材料和超表面透过提供零功耗和低功耗智慧表面以及太阳能增强功能来实现 6G ZED
  • 超材料、IRS 和 RIS 概述
  • 范例：适用于 5G 和 6G 的超材料 IRS ZED 窗口
  • 超材料工具包、6 种格式以及 6G ZED 的相关性的主要范例
  • 元原子材料、设计与图案选项
  • 6G 应用的商业、营运、理论和结构选项的演变
  • 与 6G RIS sub-THz、THz 和光学版本相容的超材料製造技术
  • 用于其他目的的可重新配置的智慧表面和超表面
  • 6G IRS 和 RIS 使用的主要材料
  • 6G RIS的设定与操作
  • 8 个调谐装置系列及其 6G RIS 的材料需求
  • 从分立板和层压薄膜到全智慧材料整合和结构电子的趋势
  • 增强型超表面能量回收可用于 6G ZED
• 基于超材料的 6G ZED 技术的三个 SWOT 评估
  • 超材料和超表面的整体 SWOT 评估
  • SWOT 评估指导未来 6G RIS 设计（包括 ZED 版本）
  • 6G 通讯 IRS 和 RIS 机会的 SWOT 评估

第4章 6G ZED实现技术：SWIPT、AmBC、CD-ZED

• 概述：后向扩散和 SWIPT 实现 6G ZED
• 基于 SWIPT 的混合波束形成
• AmBC 和 CD-ZED

第5章 6G ZED 支援技术：6G 基础设施与客户端设备能量回收

• 概述：不断变化的需求和 13 项技术
• ZED 考虑 13 种能源回收技术
• 电磁辐射收集：太阳能、环境射频
• 机械发射回收：次声、声学、振动、电动力学、压电、摩擦电和其他技术
• 热电、热电、水力、生质燃料电池等选项。
  • 摘要
  • 热电
  • 热释电型
  • 火力水力发电
  • 生质燃料电池
  • 其他选项

第6章 提高 6G ZED 可行性的超低功耗电子与电力

• 摘要
• 系统级节能
• 元件级节能：超低功耗积体电路、低功耗显示器等。

第7章 消除无电池 6G ZED/超级电容器/变体/无质量能源的电池

• 摘要
• 选择范围 - 从电容器到超级电容器和电池
• 锂离子电容器的特点
• 超级电容器及其衍生物的实际与潜在应用
• ZED无电池储存技术的SWOT评估
• 超级电容器及其变体实现的 ZED 范例
• 无质量能量超级电容器结构电子学
• 研究管线：超级电容器
• 研究通路：混合方法
• 研究管线：拟电容器

Essential to success of 6G Communications will be it working with superior performance almost anywhere you need it. The new 397-page, commercially-oriented report, "6G Communications: Self-powered Infrastructure and Zero Energy Client Devices ZED: Markets 2025-2045" reveals huge opportunities in a relatively neglected yet essential key enabling technology.

Self-powered, working almost everywhere

Gone will be earthworks to base stations, customer premises equipment and those newly-essential reconfigurable intelligent surfaces RIS everywhere to get the feeble higher frequency emissions to destination. Gone will be client devices hard-wired or in need of chargers. Welcome self-powered infrastructure such as the solar drone "tower in the sky" aloft for years in the stratosphere on sunshine alone. Think self-powered 6G client devices with 40% efficient photovoltaics and other harvesting. Add battery-free client devices powered by signal when needed and delights of fit-and-forget.

Uniquely up-to-date and insightful

This PhD level analysis has 7 Chapters, 10 SWOT appraisals, 14 Forecast lines 2025-2045, over 106 companies mentioned, 107 infograms, tables, graphs distilling about 1000 latest research papers and company initiatives.

It assists those entering the value chain of 6G Zero Energy Devices ZED. Useful to investors, materials and device suppliers and system integrators seeking to pull ahead, it provides insightful PhD level analysis of the latest research, heavily biassed towards 2024 announcements. It is constantly updated so you only get the latest. Absorb new industrial initiatives, research advances and expert opinions.

The forecasts presume that 6G will succeed but the analysis is balanced, detailing pros and cons. Topics covered extend well beyond electronic and electrical equipment and devices that make all their electricity with on-board ambient energy harvesting, increasingly multi-mode. Understand simultaneous wireless information and power transfer SWIPT enabling devices to power up when needed from the signal beam and even research on harvesting electricity from the signal. See electronic devices that need no power such as 6G passive metamaterial reflect-array surfaces you can supply.

The report analyses enabling technologies arriving such as ultra-low power electronics and metasurfaces needing only a whisper of electricity, transparent and battery-free technology all leading to the new world of very-long-life, fit-and-forget 6G devices and infrastructure often vanishing into the fabric of society.

Questions answered include:

• How can I create a $1 billion 6G ZED business?
• Potential competitors, partners or acquisitions?
• Market and technology roadmap for 2025-2045?
• Technology readiness and potential improvement?
• Appraisal of needs and appropriate technology options?
• Market drivers and forecasts of background parameters?
• Market forecasts by technology and application 2025-2044?
• Deep analysis of research pipeline including 2024 with implications?
• Explanation of trend to "massless energy", and other structural electronics?
• Battery-free, ultra-low power electronics, non-toxic, non-flammable options emerging?

The Executive Summary and Conclusions (41 slides) compresses it all into visuals, roadmaps and forecasts. The Introduction (54 slides) gives 6G justification, basics, disruptive aspects, challenges and arguments against. However, mostly it outlines ZED needs and opportunities in 6G Phase 1 and 2, examples including wireless powered IoE for 6G, zero-energy device networks with wireless-powered RIS and ZED Machine Type Communications MTC. Learn zero-energy air interface for advanced 5G and for 6G and the first real-time backscatter communication demonstrated for 6G. See further reading from 2024 and 2023 research.

Chapter 3. "6G ZED infrastructure and client device enabling technology: metamaterials, IRS, RIS, structural electronics" uses 34 pages including six SWOT appraisals to cover these basics. They include passive metamaterial reflect-arrays that need no power and semi-passive RIS needing almost no power - easily made ZED.

One route to energy independence is greatly advancing the backscatter principle of the world's most numerous electronic devices - battery-free RFID and anti-theft tags. Chapter 4. "6G ZED enabling technology: Simultaneous wireless and information transfer SWIPT, Ambient backscatter communications technology AmBC, crowd-detectable zero energy devices CD-ZED" (24 pages) addresses this and allied matters.

The largest chapter concerns the most prevalent ZED technology likely for 6G infrastructure and client devices which is reinvented on-board energy harvesting, far more powerful than we know today. The 142-page Chapter 5. "6G ZED enabling technology: energy harvesting for 6G infrastructure and client devices" makes sense of the flood of research advances particularly in 2024 and latest trials such as HAPS drones aloft on thin-film triple junction photovoltaics alone. Expect up to four energy harvesting technologies in a given device, chosen from 13 candidate harvesting families appraised, together very lightweight, low volume, low cost and producing ten to one hundred times the power. Appropriately, 49 pages are on next photovoltaics - research, demonstrations, company trends. With one micron-thick and even spray-on photovoltaics in prospect, the doubling of efficiency to around 40% will be dwarfed by PV area increasing at least ten times as it appears on all surface shapes and locations. There is good coverage of solar drones including two very significant demonstrations of low-level ones in 2024. Once again, there are dense infograms and extensive further reading, particularly from 2024.

Chapter 6 (28 pages) covers, "Ultra-low power electronics and electrics to make 6G ZED more feasible". Chapter 7 ends the report with other enabling technology for ZED infrastructure and client devices, notably making them very long-life as well. "Battery elimination, supercapacitors, variants and massless energy for battery-free 6G ZED" includes the remarkable work on potentially replacing dumb load bearing structure such as your device case or telecom tower with smart material taking similar volume, weight and cost - so called massless energy where the same structure both harvests and stores energy - transformative for 6G.

"6G Communications: Self-powered Infrastructure and Zero Energy Client Devices ZED: Markets 2025-2045" is your unique guide to supplying and using these technologies essential to 6G success.

CAPTION Context of very long life, self-powered 6G infrastructure and devices essential to success. Source, Zhar Research report, "6G Communications: Self-powered Infrastructure and Zero Energy Client Devices ZED: Markets 2025-2045"

Table of Contents

1. Executive summary and conclusions

• 1.1. Purpose and scope of this report
• 1.2. Methodology of this analysis
• 1.3 20 Primary conclusions
  • 1.3.1. 6G and the place of 6G ZED
  • 1.3.2. Definition of ZED and 6G ZED timing
  • 1.3.3. 6G ZED enabling technologies
• 1.4. Context of ZED: overlapping and adjacent technologies and examples of long-life energy independent devices
• 1.5. Primary 6G infrastructure and client devices becoming zero-energy and battery-free, longer life
• 1.6. Primary enabling technologies for battery-free 6G ZED
  • 1.6.1. Device architecture
  • 1.6.2. Device battery-free storage: supercapacitors, LIC, "massless energy"
  • 1.6.3. Smart materials: metamaterials, self-healing materials, structural electronics
  • 1.6.4. System: SWIPT, AmBC, CD-ZED, battery elimination, other
  • 1.6.5. 13 families of energy harvesting technology considered for ZED 2025-2045
• 1.7. Eight options that can be combined
• 1.8. Significance of Zero Energy Devices ZED in 6G Communications
• 1.9. Roadmap of 6G ZED and its enabling technologies 2025-2045
• 1.10. Market forecasts 2025-2045
  • 1.10.1. High volume ZED devices: 6G ZED IOT and compared to RFID, EAS units billion 2025-2045
  • 1.10.2. 6G backscatter SWIPT ZED client devices $ billion compared to RFID, EAS, 2025-2045
  • 1.10.3. 6G fully passive metamaterial reflect-array market $ billion 2029-2045
  • 1.10.4. Smartphone billion units sold globally 2024-2045 if 6G is successful
  • 1.10.5. Market for 6G base stations market value $bn if successful 2025-2045
  • 1.10.6. Global metamaterial and metasurface market billion square meters 2025-2045

2. Introduction

• 2.1. Overview
• 2.2. 6G basics
  • 2.2.1. Background
  • 2.2.2. Why do we need 6G?
  • 2.2.3. Disruptive 6G aspects
  • 2.2.4. Wireless powered IoE for 6G
  • 2.2.5. Arguments against 6G
  • 2.2.6. Challenges ahead: cost, runaway electricity consumption and frequency
  • 2.2.7. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications as currently understood
• 2.3. ZED needs and opportunities in 6G Phase 1 and 2
  • 2.3.1. Background
  • 2.3.2. Specific ZED needs in 6G communications
  • 2.3.3. 3GPP and Kristiaanstad University vision of options for 6G ZED and wireless powered IoE for 6G
  • 2.3.4. Zero-Energy Device Networks With Wireless-Powered RIS
  • 2.3.5. ZED Machine Type Communications MTC
  • 2.3.7. Other ZED empowered 6G opportunities
  • 2.3.6. Zero-energy air interface for advanced 5G and for 6G
  • 2.3.7. Other ZED empowered 6G opportunities
  • 2.3.8. First real-time backscatter communication demonstrated for 6G in 2023
• 2.4. Further reading relevant to 6G ZED 2024 and 2023

3. 6G ZED infrastructure and client device enabling technology: metamaterials, IRS, RIS, structural electronics

• 3.1. Metamaterials and metasurfaces enabling 6G ZED by providing zero and low power intelligent surfaces and solar enhancement
  • 3.1.1. Overview of metamaterials, IRS and RIS
  • 3.1.2. Example: Metamaterial IRS ZED window for 5G then 6G
  • 3.1.3. Metamaterial toolkit primary examples, six formats and 6G ZED relevance
  • 3.1.4. The meta-atom materials, design and patterning options
  • 3.1.5. Commercial, operational, theoretical, structural options evolving for 6G use
  • 3.1.6. Metamaterial manufacturing technologies matched to 6G RIS sub-THz, THz and optical versions
  • 3.1.7. Metasurfaces for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces and other purposes
  • 3.1.8. Primary materials used in 6G IRS and RIS
  • 3.1.9. How a 6G RIS is constructed and how it operates
  • 3.1.10 8 tuning device families for 6G RIS and their materials requirements
  • 3.1.11. Trend from discrete boards, stacked films to full smart material integration, structural electronics
  • 3.1.12. Metasurface energy harvesting enhancement useful for 6G ZED
• 3.2. Three SWOT appraisals of metamaterial-based 6G ZED technologies
  • 3.2.1. SWOT appraisal for metamaterials and metasurfaces generally
  • 3.2.2. SWOT appraisal that must guide future 6G RIS design including ZED versions
  • 3.2.3. SWOT appraisal of 6G Communications IRS and RIS opportunities

4. 6G ZED enabling technology: Simultaneous wireless and information transfer SWIPT, Ambient backscatter communications AmBC, crowd-detectable zero energy devices CD-ZED

• 4.1. Overview: backscatter and SWIPT to enable 6G ZED
• 4.2. Hybrid beamforming-based SWIPT
• 4.3. Ambient backscatter communications AmBC and crowd detectable CD-ZED
  • 4.3.1. General
  • 4.3.2. Orange AmBC and CD-ZED
  • 4.3.3. Battery-free AmBC: University of California San Diego
  • 4.3.4. Crowd-detectable CD-ZED research
  • 4.3.5. Further research from 2024 and 2023-34 selected papers

5. 6G ZED enabling technology: energy harvesting for 6G infrastructure and client devices

• 5.1. Overview: changing needs and 13 technologies
  • 5.1.1. Context
  • 5.1.2. The increasing electricity consumption of electronics and matching harvesting for ZED
  • 5.1.3. Energy harvesting performance comparison: power per unit volume
• 5.1.4 13 families of energy harvesting technology considered for ZED 2025-2045
• 5.2. Harvesting electromagnetic emissions: photovoltaic, ambient RF
  • 5.2.1. Photovoltaic: massive power increases ahead from fit-everywhere and efficiency increase
  • 5.2.2. Harvesting ambient RF power for devices and communication by recycling existing emissions
• 5.3. Harvesting mechanical emissions: infrasound, acoustic, vibration, other motion using electrodynamic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, other technologies
  • 5.3.1. Overview
  • 5.3.2. Electrodynamic
  • 5.3.3. Piezoelectric
  • 5.3.4. Triboelectric
  • 5.3.5. Other
• 5.4. Thermoelectric, pyroelectric, hydrovoltaic, biofuel cell and other options
  • 5.4.1. Overview
  • 5.4.2. Thermoelectric
  • 5.4.2. Pyroelectric
  • 5.4.3. Thermal hydrovoltaic
  • 5.4.4. Biofuel cell
  • 5.4.5. Other options

6. Ultra-low power electronics and electrics to make 6G ZED more feasible

• 6.1. Overview
• 6.2. System level energy saving
  • 6.2.1. Intermittency tolerant electronics Bfree
  • 6.2.2. Ultra-low-power phononic in-sensor computing
  • 6.2.3. Improved energy efficiency in 6G Communications: European Commission Hexa-X Project
  • 6.2.4. Static context header compression and fragmentation for ZED
  • 6.2.5. Wireless sensor networks
  • 6.2.6. Ultra-low power radio module and smartphone
  • 6.2.7. Other energy efficient sensing, processing and new power transfer options for 6G and IOT
• 6.3. Component-level energy saving: Ultra-low power integrated circuits, low power displays and other
  • 6.3.1. Overview: displays and other components
  • 6.3.2. Nanopower nPZero
  • 6.3.3. Everactive ultra-low power circuits for ZED IOT
  • 6.3.4. 2nm chips and beyond-USA, Taiwan, China, Japan
  • 6.3.5. Ericsson Research and MIT Lithionic chips

7. Battery elimination, supercapacitors, variants and massless energy for battery-free 6G ZED

• 7.1. Overview
• 7.2. Spectrum of choice-capacitor to supercapacitor to battery
• 7.3. Lithium-ion capacitor features
• 7.4. Actual and potential major applications of supercapacitors and their derivatives 2024-2044
• 7.5. SWOT appraisal of batteryless storage technologies for ZED
• 7.6. Examples of ZED enabled by supercapacitors and variants
  • 7.6.1. Bicycle dynamo with supercapacitor or electrolytic capacitor
  • 7.6.2. IOT ZED enabled by LIC hybrid supercapacitor
  • 7.6.3. Supercapacitors in medical devices
• 7.7. Massless energy-supercapacitor structural electronics
  • 7.7.1. Review
  • 7.7.2. Imperial College London, Texas A&M University, University of California San Diego, 5 others
  • 7.7.3. Structural supercapacitors for electronics and devices: Vanderbilt University USA
  • 7.7.4. Transparent structural supercapacitors on optoelectronic devices
• 7.8. Research pipeline: Supercapacitors
• 7.9. Research pipeline: Hybrid approaches
• 7.10. Research pipeline: Pseudocapacitors