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2030 年智能卡 IC 市场预测：按类型、架构、接口、应用、最终用户和地区分類的全球分析
市场调查报告书
商品编码
1324218

2030 年智能卡 IC 市场预测：按类型、架构、接口、应用、最终用户和地区分類的全球分析

Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Type (Memory, Microcontroller and Other Types), Architecture, Interface, Application, End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 175+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

据Stratistics MRC预测，2023年全球智能卡IC市场规模将达到31亿美元，预计到2030年将达到54亿美元，预测期内年复合成长率为8.2%。

嵌入式智能卡 IC（积体电路）通常称为芯片卡，是用于在用户之间存储和交换资料的服务令牌。它被处理并存储在存储器或微处理器卡芯片中并与价值和资讯相关联。它通常是存储器或微控制器的变体。其中，微控制器智能卡IC由中央处理单元(CPU)、晶体振盪器、定时器、看门狗和模拟输入/输出结构。有助于降低嵌入式系统中的复杂性、成本、电路尺寸和分立元件。

据GSM协会统计，亚太地区互联网普及率超过12亿，2021年普及率将低于45%。

扩大物联网在最终用户行业的采用

工业 4.0 中的製造运营完全自动化，人工参与最少。持续的技术改进、行动电话连接和资料传输速度的改进以及云基础设施的发展正在推动行业参与者关注物联网的采用。此外，对用于安全资料存储和资料传输的低成本、高性能智能卡 IC 的需求也日益增长。因此，物联网最近吸引了科技公司、组织和消费者的关注。

移动钱包使用量增加

银行业正在经历技术创新。智能手机应用程序和数字钱包是进行在线交易的软件平台。在全球范围内，数字钱包的使用持续增加。因此，许多公司正在采用数字钱包来满足消费者不断增长的需求。随着对数字钱包的需求不断增长，消费者很可能从IC卡转向移动钱包。因此，IC卡的使用预计会减少，从而阻碍市场的扩张。

双接口卡需求量很大

由于卡中内置了 IC 芯片，双界面借记卡和信用卡可用于非接触式和非接触式交易。为了减少大批量业务中客户的等待时间，商家正在选择带有双界面卡的设备。由于需求不断增长，许多公司现在在市场上提供双界面卡。随着双界面卡需求的增加，对智能卡IC的需求也会增加。

eSIM资料安全

eSIM 卡通过提供与连接系统和不同 SIM 运营商配置文件的自动兼容性来实现 SIM 配置文件的远程配置。然而，如果安全性受到损害，eSIM 的操作弹性就毫无意义。移动网络运营商 (MNO) 登录资讯由 eSIM 收集并存储在设备的内置软件中。他们还使用各种移动网络运营商和物理平台进行运营，从而面临虚拟环境风险。

新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 影响：

IC卡在医疗保健和通讯业的使用受到的影响较小。随着医疗行业的兴起，中长期来看市场可能会扩大。医疗保健资料的扩展对隐私和有效的患者照护提出了重大挑战。智能卡提供安全的资料分发和存储，解决了这两个问题。由于非接触式支付需求的不断增长、政府对国民身份证的倡议以及电子商务销售的不断增长，智能卡 IC 市场预计在未来几年将增长。

预计非接触式细分市场将在预测期内成为最大的细分市场

由于各种组织和教育机构越来越多地使用这些卡作为访问控制设备，非接触式细分市场预计将出现良好的增长。非接触式卡用于生物识别系统，因为它们仅在一个方向上传输资料，并且不通过互联网处理资料。此外，许多组织已转向非接触式智能卡来应对这一流行病，因为它们是比掌形和指纹识别等接触式生物识别技术更卫生的替代品。

政府和医疗保健领域预计在预测期内年复合成长率最高

由于电子身份证的采用不断增加，预计政府和医疗保健领域在预测期内将出现最快的年复合成长率。由于电子政府证书可以追踪公民资讯，疫情增加了法规其使用的必要性。此外，电子健康卡可以通过记录重要的医疗资讯、用药史并充当电子处方来改善患者体验。社会安全号码也可以安全地存储在这些卡上。

占比最大的地区

亚太地区受到通讯、BFSI、政府、医疗保健和交通运输领域技术创新、数字技术日益普及以及快速都市化和工业化的推动，预计将在预测期内占据最大的市场份额。其他重要要素包括物联网 (IoT) 设备的使用不断增加，数字技术在零售、商业、教育和娱乐领域的使用不断增加，以及交通的电气化程度不断提高。

复合年复合成长率最高的地区：

由于快速数字化、智能手机销量的增加和高速互联网连接推动无现金交易的采用，预计欧洲在预测期内将出现最高的年复合成长率。此外，越来越多的人开始使用借记卡和信用卡，它们提供安全的交易和保障。该行业的主要推动力是智能手机的普及以及高速互联网连接带来的无现金交易的增加。

免费定制服务：

订阅此报告的客户将收到以下免费定制选项之一：

  • 公司简介
    • 其他市场参与者的综合分析（最多 3 家公司）
    • 主要企业SWOT分析（最多3家企业）
  • 区域分割
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家的市场估计、预测和年复合成长率（注：基于可行性检查）
  • 竞争标杆管理
    • 根据产品系列、地域分布和战略联盟对主要企业进行基准测试

目录

第1章执行摘要

第2章前言

  • 概述
  • 利益相关者
  • 调查范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料挖掘
    • 资料分析
    • 资料检验
    • 研究途径
  • 调查来源
    • 主要调查来源
    • 二次调查来源
    • 假设

第3章市场趋势分析

  • 促进因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 应用分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • 新型冠状病毒感染疾病（COVID-19）的影响

第4章波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买方议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争公司之间的敌对关係

第5章全球智能卡 IC 市场：按类型

  • 记忆
  • 微控制器
  • 其他类型

第6章全球智能卡 IC 市场：按架构

  • 32位
  • 16位

第7章全球智能卡 IC 市场：按接口分类

  • 双接口
  • 非接触式
  • 接触式

第8章全球智能卡IC市场：按应用分类

  • 金融卡
    • 借记卡
    • 信用卡
  • 身份证
    • 电子护照
    • 国民身份证
    • 员工ID
    • 驾照
  • USIM/eSIM
  • 物联网设备
  • 其他应用

第9章全球智能卡 IC 市场：按最终用户分类

  • 运输
  • 零售
  • 通讯
  • 政府/医疗保健
  • 教育
  • 其他最终用户

第10章全球智能卡IC市场：按地区

  • 北美
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳大利亚
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲

第11章进展

  • 合同、伙伴关係、协作和合资企业
  • 收购和合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第12章公司简介

  • Infineon Technologies AG
  • Microchip Technology Inc.
  • Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
  • Datasonic Group Berhad
  • Smart Card IT Solutions Ltd.
  • NXP Semiconductors NV
  • ON Semiconductor Corp.
  • STMicroelectronics
  • Imatric LLC
  • Toshiba Corporation
  • Shanghai HuaHong Integrated Circuit
  • Broadcom Inc.
  • CPI Card Group
  • Eastcompeace
  • Tongxin Microelectronics Co. Ltd.
  • JCB Co. Ltd.
  • Protolab Electrotechnologies Pvt. Ltd.
  • Sony Corporation
  • Texas Instruments, Inc.
  • Analog Devices, Inc.
Product Code: SMRC23496

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market is accounted for $3.1 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach $5.4 billion by 2030 growing at a CAGR of 8.2% during the forecast period. An embedded smart card integrated circuit (IC), commonly referred to as a chip card, is a service token for storing and exchanging data between users. It is processed and stored in memory and on a microprocessor card chip and is connected to value and information. It is frequently offered in memory and microcontroller variations. Among these, the microcontroller smart card IC comprises a central processing unit (CPU), crystal oscillator, timers, watchdog, and analog input and output. It helps reduce the complexity, costs, size of circuits, and discrete components in embedded systems.

According to GSM Association, the Internet penetration rate in APAC exceeded 1.2 billion, with a penetration rate under 45% in 2021.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Growing IoT adoption among end-user industries

Manufacturing operations in Industry 4.0 are totally automated with minimal to no human involvement. Due to ongoing technical improvements, rising cellular connectivity & data transfer speeds, and the development of cloud infrastructure, industry participants are concentrating on embracing IoT. Additionally, the need for low-cost, highly effective smart card ICs used for protected data storage and data transmission has increased. As a result, IoT has recently attracted the attention of technology companies, organisations and consumers.

Restraint:

Increasing use of mobile wallets

Businesses in the banking sector see ongoing innovation. A smartphone app and a digital wallet are software platforms for conducting online transactions. Globally, the use of digital wallets is constantly growing. This is motivating a number of businesses to introduce digital wallets in an effort to meet consumers' growing demand. Due to the rising demand for digital wallets, consumers will switch from using smart cards to mobile wallets. This will result in a decline in the use of smart cards, which will impede the market's expansion.

Opportunity:

Dual-interface cards are in high demand.

A debit or credit card with a dual interface can be used for both contactless and contact transactions thanks to an IC chip that is incorporated in the card. In order to assist customers wait less in businesses with high transaction volumes, merchants are choosing devices with dual-interface cards. Due to the increasing demand, numerous businesses are now providing dual-interface cards on the market. The need for smart card ICs will rise as the demand for dual-interface cards increases.

Threat:

Data security for eSIMs

By offering automatic compatibility across connectivity systems and various SIM operator profiles, eSIM cards enable remote provisioning of SIM profiles. An eSIM's operational flexibility, nevertheless, would be useless if its security were to be jeopardised. A mobile network operator's (MNO) login information is gathered and stored by an eSIM in the device's built-in software, which is vulnerable to numerous security breaches. It also uses a variety of MNOs and physical platforms to operate, which exposes it to the risk of the virtual environment.

COVID-19 Impact:

The use of smart cards in the healthcare and telecommunications industries was less affected. The market may expand in the medium to long term as a result of the rising medical industry. The expansion of healthcare data poses considerable challenges to both privacy and effective patient care. Smart cards offer safe data distribution and storage, solving both issues. The market for smart card ICs is expected to rise in the upcoming years as a result of rising demand for contactless payments, government initiatives for national ID cards, and growing e-commerce sales.

The contactless segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The contactless segment is estimated to have a lucrative growth, due to increasing usage of these cards in various organizations and educational institutions as an access control device. They are employed in biometric systems since they only transfer data in one direction and don't process data over the internet. Additionally, many organisations switched to contactless smart cards in response to the pandemic because they are a more hygienic alternative than touch-based biometric technologies like palm geometry and fingerprint identification.

The government and healthcare segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The government and healthcare segment is anticipated to witness the fastest CAGR growth during the forecast period, due to an increase in the adoption of eID cards. Due to the ability of electronic government papers to track citizen information, the epidemic increased the necessity for regulation of their use. Additionally, by keeping track of important medical information, medication histories, and acting as an electronic prescription, e-health cards have the potential to enhance the patient experience. Social Security numbers can be safely stored on these cards as well.

Region with Largest share:

Asia Pacific is projected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period owing to the ongoing technological innovations in the telecommunications, BFSI, government and healthcare, and transportation verticals, the increasing adoption of digital technologies, and rapid urbanization and industrialization. Other significant factors include the expanding use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the expansion of digital technology use in the retail, corporate, educational, and entertainment sectors, and the expansion of electrification in the transportation sector.

Region with highest CAGR:

Europe is projected to have the highest CAGR over the forecast period, owing to increasing adoption of cashless transactions on account of rapid digitization, rising sales of smartphones and high-speed internet connectivity. In addition, more people are using debit and credit cards since they offer secure transactions and security. The industry is primarily being driven by the increased use of cashless transactions due to the growing use of smartphones and high-speed internet connectivity.

Key players in the market:

Some of the key players profiled in the Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market include: Infineon Technologies AG, Microchip Technology Inc., Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Datasonic Group Berhad, Smart Card IT Solutions Ltd., NXP Semiconductors NV, ON Semiconductor Corp., STMicroelectronics, Imatric LLC, Toshiba Corporation, Shanghai HuaHong Integrated Circuit, Broadcom Inc., CPI Card Group, Eastcompeace, Tongxin Microelectronics Co. Ltd., JCB Co. Ltd., Protolab Electrotechnologies Pvt. Ltd., Sony Corporation, Texas Instruments, Inc. and Analog Devices, Inc.

Key Developments:

In March 2023, NXP announced the launch of PN7642. The new one-chip solution combines a low-power Arm Cortex M33-based microcontroller, NFC front end, and a SESIP-certified security system. The PN7642 features a High output power of 2W and Integrated DC/DC allows a single 3.3V supply with max Tx power.

In Jan 2023, Infineon joined hands with Sentry Enterprises, a technology company. The collaboration focuses on powering cold storage crypto wallets and biometric access control platforms.

Types Covered:

  • Memory
  • Microcontroller
  • Other Types

Architectures Covered:

  • 32-bit
  • 16-bit

Interfaces Covered:

  • Dual Interface
  • Contactless
  • Contact

Applications Covered:

  • Financial Cards
  • ID cards
  • USIMs/eSIMs
  • IoT Devices
  • Other Applications

End Users Covered:

  • Transportation
  • Retail
  • Telecommunications
  • Government & Healthcare
  • Education
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2021, 2022, 2023, 2026, and 2030
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market, By Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Memory
  • 5.3 Microcontroller
  • 5.4 Other Types

6 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market, By Architecture

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 32-bit
  • 6.3 16-bit

7 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market, By Interface

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Dual Interface
  • 7.3 Contactless
  • 7.4 Contact

8 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market, By Application

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Financial Cards
    • 8.2.1 Debit Cards
    • 8.2.2 Credit Cards
  • 8.3 ID cards
    • 8.3.1 ePassport
    • 8.3.2 Citizen ID
    • 8.3.3 Employee ID
    • 8.3.4 Driving License
  • 8.4 USIMs/eSIMs
  • 8.5 IoT Devices
  • 8.6 Other Applications

9 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Transportation
  • 9.3 Retail
  • 9.4 Telecommunications
  • 9.5 Government & Healthcare
  • 9.6 Education
  • 9.7 Other End Users

10 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 Infineon Technologies AG
  • 12.2 Microchip Technology Inc.
  • 12.3 Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
  • 12.4 Datasonic Group Berhad
  • 12.5 Smart Card IT Solutions Ltd.
  • 12.6 NXP Semiconductors NV
  • 12.7 ON Semiconductor Corp.
  • 12.8 STMicroelectronics
  • 12.9 Imatric LLC
  • 12.10 Toshiba Corporation
  • 12.11 Shanghai HuaHong Integrated Circuit
  • 12.12 Broadcom Inc.
  • 12.13 CPI Card Group
  • 12.14 Eastcompeace
  • 12.15 Tongxin Microelectronics Co. Ltd.
  • 12.16 JCB Co. Ltd.
  • 12.17 Protolab Electrotechnologies Pvt. Ltd.
  • 12.18 Sony Corporation
  • 12.19 Texas Instruments, Inc.
  • 12.20 Analog Devices, Inc.

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Region (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Memory (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Microcontroller (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Architecture (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By 32-bit (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By 16-bit (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Interface (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Dual Interface (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Contactless (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Contact (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Financial Cards (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Debit Cards (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Credit Cards (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By ID cards (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By ePassport (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Citizen ID (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Employee ID (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Driving License (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By USIMs/eSIMs (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By IoT Devices (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Transportation (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Retail (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 28 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Telecommunications (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 29 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Government & Healthcare (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 30 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Education (2021-2030) ($MN)
  • Table 31 Global Smart Card Integrated Circuit (IC) Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.