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市场调查报告书
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1725061

2032 年美食市场预测:按产品类型、分销管道、最终用户和地区进行的全球分析

Gourmet Food Market Forecasts to 2032 - Global Analysis By Product Type (Dairy and Frozen Desserts, Bakery and Confectionery, Snacks and Savories and Other Product Types), Distribution Channel, End User and By Geography

出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 200+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3个工作天内

价格

根据 Stratistics MRC 的数据,全球美食市场预计在 2025 年达到 332.5 亿美元,预计到 2032 年将达到 612.1 亿美元,预测期内的复合年增长率为 9.11%。美食被定义为采用优质原料并注重细节製作的精緻菜餚。美食注重独特的风味、创意的呈现和烹饪创新,通常与精緻的餐饮和奢华的体验联繫在一起。一些例子包括手工起司、熟肉、松露、鱼子酱和手工巧克力。此外,无论是在高级餐厅供应的美食,还是由美食爱好者在家中烹製的美食,都颂扬了烹饪职业以及享受精緻、精心烹製的饭菜的乐趣。

美国特色食品协会 (SFA) 是一家领先的非营利贸易协会,代表着特色食品行业 3,600 多家公司。据该协会称,美国特色食品销售额到 2023 年将达到 2,070 亿美元,比 2013 年的 880 亿美元成长 149%。这一增长凸显了消费者对高品质、手工和美食产品日益增长的需求。

沉浸式用餐日益受到青睐

现今的消费者,尤其是年轻一代,更注重体验而非仅仅消费。用餐是一种社会和文化活动,已被广泛记录并在社交媒体上共用。美食烹饪满足了这一需求,透过精心的呈现、独特的食材和厨师的创造力,将饭菜变成令人难忘的机会。此外,美食餐厅、快闪餐饮活动和品嚐菜单在小城镇中也变得越来越普遍。

昂贵的美食产品

由于使用优质原料、手工生产技术和受限的供应链,美食的价格通常要高得多。它的价格令许多中下层消费者,尤其是开发中国家的消费者望而却步。由于价格昂贵,美食被视为偶尔的奢侈品而非主食,即使在富裕国家,其频繁消费也可能受到限制。此外,通膨和经济不稳定时期可能导致消费者寻求更便宜的选择,从而阻碍市场扩张。

订阅模式和线上美食零售的成长

美食製造商可以透过数位商务有效地接触世界各地的消费者。忙碌的城市专业人士和美食家选择直接面向消费者 (DTC) 的经营模式、美食订购盒和精心策划的送货上门的品嚐体验。透过讲述产品来源和生产过程的故事和内容,该模式使企业能够避免典型的零售价格加价,收集客户数据以客製化行销,并培养一个充满热情的社群。

市场竞争加剧

对美食日益增长的需求带来了国内和国际的新竞争对手,某些细分市场正在饱和。大型快速消费品公司推出高端子品牌,迫使小型手工生产商陷入竞争。这可能会破坏美食产品通常具有的排他性,并对价格造成压力。此外,仿冒品和劣质仿製品可能会侵入市场,削弱消费者对正宗美食品牌的信心。

COVID-19的影响:

由于旅行限制和大规模封锁,COVID-19 疫情对美食市场产生了多种影响,导致供应链崩坏,并减少了高级餐厅、豪华酒店和美食活动等酒店业的需求。然而,这场危机也导致了消费行为的改变,许多人转向网路资源来研究在家的美食用餐体验。因此,使用特色食材的家庭烹饪、DIY餐套件以及美食电子商务均有所成长。此外,疫情加速了数位转型,儘管最初面临挑战,特别是对小型手工生产商而言,但它也为那些在家中寻求享受和烹饪探索的消费者开闢了新的市场。

烘焙和糖果甜点产业预计将成为预测期内最大的市场

由于对优质烘焙点心、手工糕点和手工巧克力的需求不断增长,预计烘焙和糖果甜点行业将在预测期内占据最大的市场占有率。这个市场利基受益于消费者对奢华、视觉吸引力强的产品的高度偏好,这些产品通常与庆祝、送礼和私人享受有关。实体店和网路精品店均贩售美味烘焙食品和糖果甜点,如马卡龙、松露巧克力、酸麵包和设计师蛋糕。此外,低糖和无麸质糖果甜点等客製化健康食品的兴起也有助于扩大客户群。

预计线上平台部分在预测期内将以最高复合年增长率成长

受送货上门的便利性、互联网普及率的提高以及消费者购买模式的变化的推动,在线平台领域预计将在预测期内实现最高增长率。电子商务的发展使更广泛的消费者能够享用美食,包括专卖店和高端商店稀缺的都市区的消费者。用户评论、详细的产品描述和食谱建议等数位功能使消费者可以轻鬆浏览大量优质、特色和异国美食产品。此外,有影响力的行销、订阅盒和精选美食礼篮进一步推动了线上需求。

占比最大的地区:

由于富裕消费者对奢侈品、有机产品和手工产品的需求不断增加,预计北美将在预测期内占据最大的市场占有率。该地区拥有完善的零售基础设施、蓬勃发展的电子商务行业以及众多的专卖店和超级市场,美食选择丰富多样。此外,北美消费者越来越多地转向永续、符合道德规范和更健康的食品,推动了对手工起司、有机巧克力和异国风香辛料等优质美食产品的需求。不断扩大的市场也推动了烹饪创新、美食旅游和饮食文化日益增长的吸引力。

复合年增长率最高的地区:

由于该地区经济快速增长、可支配收入增加和中产阶级不断扩大、西方烹饪潮流的影响力不断增强、美食旅游在该地区的日益普及、对异国风食材、手工小吃和特色甜点等优质食品的需求不断增长,以及都市化加快和消费者偏好日趋成熟,市场正在不断扩大。此外,中国、印度和日本等国家美食消费量正在成长,尤其是透过线上平台和高端零售通路。

免费客製化服务:

订阅此报告的客户将获得以下免费自订选项之一:

  • 公司简介
    • 全面分析其他市场参与者(最多 3 家公司)
    • 主要企业的SWOT分析(最多3家公司)
  • 地理细分
    • 根据客户兴趣对主要国家市场进行估计、预测和复合年增长率(註:基于可行性检查)
  • 竞争基准化分析
    • 根据产品系列、地理分布和策略联盟对主要企业基准化分析

目录

第一章执行摘要

第二章 前言

  • 概述
  • 相关利益者
  • 研究范围
  • 调查方法
    • 资料探勘
    • 数据分析
    • 数据检验
    • 研究途径
  • 研究材料
    • 主要研究资料
    • 次级研究资讯来源
    • 先决条件

第三章市场走势分析

  • 驱动程式
  • 限制因素
  • 机会
  • 威胁
  • 产品分析
  • 最终用户分析
  • 新兴市场
  • COVID-19的影响

第四章 波特五力分析

  • 供应商的议价能力
  • 买家的议价能力
  • 替代品的威胁
  • 新进入者的威胁
  • 竞争对手之间的竞争

5. 全球美食市场(依产品类型划分)

  • 乳製品和冷冻甜点
    • 优质乳酪
    • 美味冰淇淋
    • 自製优格
  • 烘焙和糖果甜点
    • 手工麵包
    • 奢华巧克力
    • 手工糕点
  • 小吃和轻食
    • 美味洋芋片
    • 坚果
    • 什锦干果
  • 其他产品类型
    • 美食来源
    • 香辛料

6. 全球美食市场(依分销管道)

  • 专卖店
  • 超级市场和大卖场
  • 线上平台
  • 其他分销管道
    • 便利商店
    • 食品服务

7. 全球美食市场(依最终用户划分)

  • 住宅
  • 商业的

8. 全球美食市场(按地区)

  • 北美洲
    • 美国
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 欧洲
    • 德国
    • 英国
    • 义大利
    • 法国
    • 西班牙
    • 其他欧洲国家
  • 亚太地区
    • 日本
    • 中国
    • 印度
    • 澳洲
    • 纽西兰
    • 韩国
    • 其他亚太地区
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 南美洲其他地区
  • 中东和非洲
    • 沙乌地阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公国
    • 卡达
    • 南非
    • 其他中东和非洲地区

第九章 重大进展

  • 协议、伙伴关係、合作和合资企业
  • 收购与合併
  • 新产品发布
  • 业务扩展
  • 其他关键策略

第十章 公司概况

  • ADF Foods
  • Mondelez International, Inc.
  • Hindustan Unilever PLC
  • Nestle SA
  • Kerry Group
  • Associated British Foods plc
  • Danone SA
  • ITC
  • General Mills Inc
  • Ferrero Group
  • Symrise AG
  • Kraft Heinz Company
  • Amul
  • Tate & Lyle
  • Britannia Industries
Product Code: SMRC29367

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Gourmet Food Market is accounted for $33.25 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach $61.21 billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 9.11% during the forecast period. Gourmet food is defined as fine, well-prepared meals created with premium ingredients and remarkable attention to detail. Gourmet cuisine places an emphasis on distinctive flavors, creative presentation, and culinary innovation and is frequently linked to fine dining and opulent experiences. Handcrafted cheeses, aged meats, truffles, caviar, and artisan chocolates are just a few examples of what might be included. Moreover, gourmet cuisine honors the profession of cooking and the joy of enjoying elegant, well-prepared meals, whether they are served in fine dining establishments or are made at home by ardent foodies.

According to the Specialty Food Association (SFA), a leading nonprofit trade group representing over 3,600 businesses in the specialty food industry, U.S. specialty food sales reached an estimated $207 billion in 2023, marking a 149% increase from $88 billion in 2013. This surge highlights the growing consumer demand for high-quality, artisanal, and gourmet products.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Growing interest in immersion dining

Experiences rather than merely consumption are what motivate today's consumers, especially those in younger generations. A social and cultural activity, dining has become widely recorded and shared on social media. This demand is satisfied by gourmet cuisine, which turns meals into unforgettable occasions with its focus on elaborate presentation, unusual ingredients, and chef-led creativity. Additionally, gourmet restaurants, pop-up dining events, and tasting menus have become increasingly common as a result, even in smaller towns and cities.

Restraint:

Expensive gourmet goods

Due to the use of premium ingredients, artisanal production techniques, and constrained supply chains, gourmet food usually fetches a much higher price. Many middle-class and lower-class consumers, particularly those in developing nations, cannot afford it due to its price. Gourmet food is more of an occasional luxury than a mainstay due to its high cost, which might restrict frequent consumption even in wealthy nations. Furthermore, consumers sometimes turn to less expensive options during times of inflation or economic instability, which hinders market expansion.

Opportunity:

Growth in subscription models and online gourmet retail

Gourmet food manufacturers can effectively reach a worldwide audience through digital commerce. Busy urban professionals and foodies are increasingly choosing direct-to-consumer (DTC) business models, gourmet food subscription boxes, and carefully planned tasting experiences that are delivered right to their homes. Through storytelling and content about the origin and preparation of items, this model enables firms to avoid typical retail markups, gather customer data for tailored marketing, and cultivate devoted communities.

Threat:

Growing competition in the market

Certain market segments are becoming saturated as a result of the influx of new domestic and foreign competitors brought about by the growing demand for gourmet cuisine. The introduction of premium sub-brands by large FMCG companies has put small artisanal producers in competition. This can weaken the exclusivity that is typically connected to gourmet products and puts pressure on prices. Additionally, the market may be invaded by fake or subpar imitations, which could erode consumer confidence in authentic gourmet brands.

Covid-19 Impact:

Due to travel restrictions and widespread lockdowns, the COVID-19 pandemic had a mixed effect on the gourmet food market, causing supply chains to break down and decreasing demand in the hospitality industries of fine dining, upscale hotels, and gourmet events. The crisis did, however, also cause a change in consumer behaviour, as many people started using internet resources to research gourmet dining experiences at home. Home cooking with specialty ingredients, DIY meal kits, and gourmet food e-commerce all increased as a result. Furthermore, the pandemic eventually sped up digital transformation and expanded the market's reach to at-home consumers seeking indulgence and culinary exploration during isolation, despite the huge initial challenges, particularly for small artisanal producers.

The bakery and confectionery segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

The bakery and confectionery segment is expected to account for the largest market share during the forecast period, driven by the rising demand for premium baked goods, artisanal pastries, and handcrafted chocolates. This market niche benefits from a high consumer preference for luxuriant, visually appealing goods that are frequently connected to festivities, presents, and private indulgences. Both in-person and online boutiques sell gourmet bakery and confectionery products like macarons, truffles, sourdough breads, and designer cakes. Moreover, the increase in customized and health-conscious options, like low-sugar or gluten-free confections, has also broadened the customer base.

The online platforms segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Over the forecast period, the online platforms segment is predicted to witness the highest growth rate, driven by the ease of doorstep delivery, rising internet penetration, and shifting consumer purchasing patterns. A broader audience, including those in non-urban areas with few specialty or premium stores, can now afford gourmet food owing to the growth of e-commerce. Owing to digital features like user reviews, thorough product descriptions, and recipe recommendations, consumers can now easily browse a large selection of premium, specialty, and foreign gourmet products. Additionally, online demand is further fueled by influencer-driven marketing, subscription boxes, and carefully chosen gourmet hampers.

Region with largest share:

During the forecast period, the North America region is expected to hold the largest market share, driven by wealthy consumers' strong desire for high-end, organic, and artisanal goods. Gourmet food options are widely accessible owing to the area's well-established retail infrastructure, which also includes a thriving e-commerce industry, a large number of specialty shops, and supermarkets. Furthermore, consumers in North America are becoming more interested in sustainable, ethically sourced, and health-conscious food, which increases demand for premium gourmet goods like artisanal cheeses, organic chocolates, and exotic spices. Market expansion is also aided by the rising appeal of culinary innovation, food tourism, and food culture.

Region with highest CAGR:

Over the forecast period, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR, Propelled by the region's rapid economic growth, rising disposable incomes, and expanding middle class, the market is expanding due to the growing influence of Western culinary trends, the growing popularity of food tourism in the region, and the increased demand for premium, high-quality food products, including exotic ingredients, artisanal snacks, and specialty desserts, as well as the growing urbanization and sophistication of consumer tastes. Moreover, countries such as China, India, and Japan are seeing an increase in the consumption of gourmet food, especially through online platforms and premium retail channels.

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Gourmet Food Market include ADF Foods, Mondelez International, Inc., Hindustan Unilever PLC, Nestle S.A., Kerry Group, Associated British Foods plc, Danone S.A, ITC, General Mills Inc, Ferrero Group, Symrise AG, Kraft Heinz Company, Amul, Tate & Lyle and Britannia Industries.

Key Developments:

In January 2025, Hindustan Unilever, the India unit of the global personal care conglomerate, announced that it will acquire a majority stake in Minimalist, the Indian premium beauty brand. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed. Hindustan Unilever has taken a 90.5 percent stake in the company and will progress to full ownership within two years.

In November 2024, Kerry Group has entered into an agreement to sell Kerry Dairy Holdings (Ireland) Limited to Kerry Co-Operative Creameries Limited for an expected total consideration of €500 million. This transaction marks a pivotal step for Kerry Group as it transitions to a pure play in taste and nutrition solutions, shedding its dairy operations to sharpen its focus on core competencies.

In September 2024, Nestle has partnered with Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones "MODON" to construct its first food manufacturing plant in the Kingdom. The agreement allocates a 117,000 square meter plot in Jeddah city's Third Industrial City for the facility.

Product Types Covered:

  • Dairy and Frozen Desserts
  • Bakery and Confectionery
  • Snacks and Savories
  • Other Product Types

Distribution Channels Covered:

  • Specialty Stores
  • Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
  • Online Platforms
  • Other Distribution Channels

End Users Covered:

  • Residential
  • Commercial

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2024, 2025, 2026, 2028, and 2032
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking
    • Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Product Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Gourmet Food Market, By Product Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Dairy and Frozen Desserts
    • 5.2.1 Premium Cheeses
    • 5.2.2 Gourmet Ice Creams
    • 5.2.3 Artisanal Yogurts
  • 5.3 Bakery and Confectionery
    • 5.3.1 Artisanal Bread
    • 5.3.2 Luxury Chocolates
    • 5.3.3 Handcrafted Pastries
  • 5.4 Snacks and Savories
    • 5.4.1 Gourmet Chips
    • 5.4.2 Nuts
    • 5.4.3 Trail Mixes
  • 5.5 Other Product Types
    • 5.5.1 Gourmet Sauces
    • 5.5.2 Spices

6 Global Gourmet Food Market, By Distribution Channel

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Specialty Stores
  • 6.3 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
  • 6.4 Online Platforms
  • 6.5 Other Distribution Channels
    • 6.5.1 Convenience Stores
    • 6.5.2 Food Service

7 Global Gourmet Food Market, By End User

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Residential
  • 7.3 Commercial

8 Global Gourmet Food Market, By Geography

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 North America
    • 8.2.1 US
    • 8.2.2 Canada
    • 8.2.3 Mexico
  • 8.3 Europe
    • 8.3.1 Germany
    • 8.3.2 UK
    • 8.3.3 Italy
    • 8.3.4 France
    • 8.3.5 Spain
    • 8.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 8.4 Asia Pacific
    • 8.4.1 Japan
    • 8.4.2 China
    • 8.4.3 India
    • 8.4.4 Australia
    • 8.4.5 New Zealand
    • 8.4.6 South Korea
    • 8.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 8.5 South America
    • 8.5.1 Argentina
    • 8.5.2 Brazil
    • 8.5.3 Chile
    • 8.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 8.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 8.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 8.6.2 UAE
    • 8.6.3 Qatar
    • 8.6.4 South Africa
    • 8.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

9 Key Developments

  • 9.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 9.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 9.3 New Product Launch
  • 9.4 Expansions
  • 9.5 Other Key Strategies

10 Company Profiling

  • 10.1 ADF Foods
  • 10.2 Mondelez International, Inc.
  • 10.3 Hindustan Unilever PLC
  • 10.4 Nestle S.A.
  • 10.5 Kerry Group
  • 10.6 Associated British Foods plc
  • 10.7 Danone S.A
  • 10.8 ITC
  • 10.9 General Mills Inc
  • 10.10 Ferrero Group
  • 10.11 Symrise AG
  • 10.12 Kraft Heinz Company
  • 10.13 Amul
  • 10.14 Tate & Lyle
  • 10.15 Britannia Industries

List of Tables

  • Table 1 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Region (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 2 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Product Type (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 3 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Dairy and Frozen Desserts (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 4 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Premium Cheeses (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 5 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Gourmet Ice Creams (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 6 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Artisanal Yogurts (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 7 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Bakery and Confectionery (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 8 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Artisanal Bread (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 9 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Luxury Chocolates (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 10 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Handcrafted Pastries (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 11 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Snacks and Savories (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 12 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Gourmet Chips (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 13 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Nuts (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 14 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Trail Mixes (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 15 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Other Product Types (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 16 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Gourmet Sauces (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 17 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Spices (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 18 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 19 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Specialty Stores (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 20 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Supermarkets and Hypermarkets (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 21 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Online Platforms (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 22 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Other Distribution Channels (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 23 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Convenience Stores (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 24 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Food Service (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 25 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By End User (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 26 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Residential (2024-2032) ($MN)
  • Table 27 Global Gourmet Food Market Outlook, By Commercial (2024-2032) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, APAC, South America, and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.